Neurofeedback significantly improves attention and working memory in healthy individuals, with moderately stable effects over time, confirmed by a meta-analysis of 43 studies.
This meta-analysis published in Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews (DOI 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.03.014) constitutes the most comprehensive synthesis on the efficacy of neurofeedback for the enhancement of cognitive functions in individuals without neurological or psychiatric conditions.
The authors analyzed 43 controlled studies published between 2000 and 2020, covering different EEG neurofeedback protocols: alpha/theta training for relaxation and creativity, SMR protocols (12-15 Hz) for sustained attention, and gamma wave training for working memory.
The meta-analysis distinguishes specific effects (related to brainwave feedback) from non-specific effects (attention, motivation, placebo effect) by comparing different types of controls: sham-feedback, non-contingent feedback, no-intervention groups.
Healthy adults without neurological, psychiatric or developmental diagnosis. Age 18–65. Average to above-average cognitive performance level. Exclusion of studies on scientific populations (ADHD, stroke, TBI).
Alpha/theta (6–12 Hz): 15–20 sessions. SMR (12–15 Hz) at Cz/FCz: 20–30 sessions. Low beta (15–18 Hz): focus and attention. Gamma (38–42 Hz): working memory. Session duration: 30–60 minutes.
Standardized neuropsychological batteries: WAIS-IV, N-back tasks, Stroop test, PASAT, TMT. Reaction time tasks. Cognitive evoked potentials (P300, N200). Creativity tests (RAT, figural creativity).
Evaluation at 1 month (14 studies), 3 months (8 studies) and 6 months (4 studies) after the end of training. Analysis of effect persistence and identification of moderators (number of sessions, type of feedback, learner profile).
This meta-analysis scientifically validates what we offer at Superhuman Wellness: neurofeedback is not reserved for patients with neurological conditions. It constitutes a powerful cognitive optimization tool for anyone seeking to improve mental performance in a demanding professional or personal context.
The most important finding for our practice is the threshold of 20 sessions: below this number, effects are inconsistent. This is why our standard protocols include 24 to 30 sessions, allowing sufficient neural learning consolidation to produce lasting changes in brain activity patterns.
Persistence at 3 months is crucial data justifying the investment: unlike cognitive medications whose effect ceases on discontinuation, neurofeedback induces actual neural plasticity that persists. Our patients often describe a continuous improvement in the months following the end of the protocol.
We personalize our protocols according to the baseline EEG profile of each patient: some will benefit more from SMR training (focus, concentration), others from an alpha/theta protocol (creativity, reduced performance anxiety).